雅思练习总结三十六本文章是雅思练习总结三十六总结了文章《EFFECTS OF NOISE》内容包括原文精翻文章脉络总结单词扩展学习3个部分1 文章原文及翻译EFFECTS OF NOISE翻译噪音的影响In general, it is plausible to suppose that we should prefer peace and quiet to noise. And yet most of us have had the experience of having to adjust to sleeping in the mountains or the countryside because it was initially ‘too quiet’, an experience that suggests that humans are capable of adapting to a wide range of noise levels. Research supports this view. For example, Glass and Singer (1972) exposed people to short bursts of very loud noise and then measured their ability to work out problems and their physiological reactions to the noise. The noise was quite disruptive at first, but after about four minutes the subjects were doing just as well on their tasks as control subjects who were not exposed to noise. Their physiological arousal also declined quickly to the same levels as those of the control subjects.翻译一般来说我们认为自己会更喜欢宁静而非噪音这种想法是合理的。然而我们大多数人都有过这样的经历不得不在山区或乡村调整自己的睡眠状态因为一开始那里 “太安静” 了。这一经历表明人类有能力适应广泛的噪音水平。研究也支持这一观点。例如格拉斯和辛格1972 年让人们暴露在短时间的巨大噪音中然后测量他们解决问题的能力以及对噪音的生理反应。起初噪音极具干扰性但大约四分钟后这些实验对象在任务中的表现与那些未暴露在噪音中的对照组实验对象一样好。他们的生理唤醒水平也迅速下降到与对照组相同的水平。But there are limits to adaptation and loud noise becomes more troublesome if the person is required to concentrate on more than one task. For example, high noise levels interfered with the performance of subjects who were required to monitor three dials at a time, a task not unlike that of an aeroplane pilot or an air-traffic controller (Broadbent, 1957). Similarly, noise did not affect a subject’s ability to track a moving line with a steering wheel, but it did interfere with the subject’s ability to repeat numbers while tracking (Finkelman and Glass, 1970).翻译但适应是有限度的如果要求一个人同时专注于多项任务那么高声噪音就会变得更加麻烦。例如高强度的噪音会干扰那些被要求同时监控三个仪表盘的实验对象的表现这项任务与飞机飞行员或空中交通管制员的工作并无太大差异布罗德本特1957 年。同样噪音并不影响实验对象用方向盘追踪移动线条的能力但却会干扰他们在追踪的同时复述数字的能力芬克尔曼和格拉斯1970 年。Probably the most significant finding from research on noise is that its predictability is more important than how loud it is. We are much more able to ‘tune out’ chronic background noise, even if it is quite loud, than to work under circumstances with unexpected intrusions of noise. In the Glass and Singer study, in which subjects were exposed to bursts of noise as they worked on a task, some subjects heard loud bursts and others heard soft bursts. For some subjects, the bursts were spaced exactly one minute apart (predictable noise); others heard the same amount of noise overall, but the bursts occurred at random intervals (unpredictable noise). Subjects reported finding the predictable and unpredictable noise equally annoying, and all subjects performed at about the same level during the noise portion of the experiment. But the different noise conditions had quite different after-effects when the subjects were required to proofread written material under conditions of no noise. As shown in Table 1 the unpredictable noise produced more errors in the later proofreading task than predictable noise; and soft, unpredictable noise actually produced slightly more errors on this task than the loud, predictable noise.翻译也许关于噪音的研究中最重要的发现是噪音的可预测性比它的响度更为重要。与在意外噪音干扰的环境中工作相比我们更能够 “忽略” 长期存在的背景噪音即使这种噪音相当大。在格拉斯和辛格的研究中实验对象在执行任务时会暴露在阵阵噪音中一些实验对象听到的是大声的噪音而另一些听到的是轻柔的噪音。对于一些实验对象来说噪音的间隔精确到每分钟一次可预测的噪音而其他实验对象听到的噪音总量相同但噪音出现的间隔是随机的不可预测的噪音。实验对象报告称他们觉得可预测和不可预测的噪音同样令人烦恼并且在实验的噪音阶段所有实验对象的表现水平大致相同。但是当要求实验对象在无噪音的条件下校对书面材料时不同的噪音条件产生了截然不同的后续影响。如表 1 所示不可预测的噪音在后续的校对任务中产生的错误比可预测的噪音更多而且轻柔的、不可预测的噪音在这项任务中产生的错误实际上比大声的、可预测的噪音略多一些。Unpredictable NoisePredictable NoiseAverageLoud noise40.131.835.9Soft noise36.727.432.1Average38.429.6Table 1: Proofreading Errors and Noise翻译不可预测的噪音可预测的噪音平均值大声的噪音40.131.835.9轻柔的噪音36.727.432.1平均值38.429.6表 1校对错误与噪音Apparently, unpredictable noise produces more fatigue than predictable noise, but it takes a while for this fatigue to take its toll on performance.翻译显然不可预测的噪音比可预测的噪音更容易使人疲劳但这种疲劳需要一段时间才会对表现产生影响。Predictability is not the only variable that reduces or eliminates the negative effects of noise. Another is control. If the individual knows that he or she can control the noise, this seems to eliminate both its negative effects at the time and its after-effects. This is true even if the individual never actually exercises his or her option to turn the noise off (Glass and Singer, 1972). Just the knowledge that one has control is sufficient.翻译可预测性并非是减少或消除噪音负面影响的唯一因素。另一个因素是控制感。如果一个人知道自己能够控制噪音那么这似乎既能消除噪音当时的负面影响也能消除其后续影响。即使这个人实际上从未行使过关掉噪音的选择权格拉斯和辛格1972 年情况也是如此。仅仅知道自己有控制权就足够了。The studies discussed so far exposed people to noise for only short periods and only transient effects were studied. But the major worry about noisy environments is that living day after day with chronic noise may produce serious, lasting effects. One study, suggesting that this worry is a realistic one, compared elementary school pupils who attended schools near Los Angeles’s busiest airport with students who attended schools in quiet neighbourhoods (Cohen et al., 1980). It was found that children from the noisy schools had higher blood pressure and were more easily distracted than those who attended the quiet schools. Moreover, there was no evidence of adaptability to the noise. In fact, the longer the children had attended the noisy schools, the more distractible they became. The effects also seem to be long lasting. A follow-up study showed that children who were moved to less noisy classrooms still showed greater distractibility one year later than students who had always been in the quiet schools (Cohen et al, 1981). It should be noted that the two groups of children had been carefully matched by the investigators so that they were comparable in age, ethnicity, race, and social class.翻译到目前为止所讨论的研究只是让人们短时间暴露在噪音中并且只研究了短暂的影响。但是对于嘈杂环境的主要担忧是日复一日地生活在长期的噪音中可能会产生严重的、持久的影响。有一项研究表明这种担忧是现实存在的该研究将就读于洛杉矶最繁忙机场附近学校的小学生与就读于安静社区学校的学生进行了比较科恩等人1980 年。研究发现来自嘈杂学校的孩子血压更高并且比那些就读于安静学校的孩子更容易分心。此外没有证据表明他们能适应这种噪音。事实上孩子们在嘈杂学校就读的时间越长他们就越容易分心。这些影响似乎也是长期存在的。一项后续研究表明一年后那些搬到噪音较小教室的孩子仍然比那些一直就读于安静学校的学生更容易分心科恩等人1981 年。值得注意的是研究人员对两组孩子进行了仔细的匹配以使他们在年龄、民族、种族和社会阶层方面具有可比性。2 文章结构分析这篇文章的内容总结如下第一段是人类对噪音的适应能力。通常人们认为会偏好宁静而非噪音但很多人有在山区或乡村因起初 “太安静” 而调整睡眠的经历这表明人类能适应广泛噪音水平。研究也支持此观点如 Glass 和 Singer 的实验让人们暴露在短时间巨大噪音中约四分钟后实验对象在任务中的表现和生理唤醒水平与未暴露在噪音中的对照组相同。第二段是噪音对多任务的干扰。适应噪音是有限度的当人需要专注多项任务时高声噪音会带来更多麻烦。例如高强度噪音会干扰同时监控三个仪表盘的实验对象的表现类似飞机飞行员或空中交通管制员的工作情况噪音不影响用方向盘追踪移动线条的能力但会干扰在追踪时复述数字的能力。第三段和表格部分是噪音可预测性的影响。关于噪音研究最重要的发现是其可预测性比响度更重要人们更能 “忽略” 长期背景噪音而难以应对意外噪音干扰。在 Glass 和 Singer 的研究中实验对象在噪音阶段表现无差异但在无噪音校对书面材料时不可预测的噪音产生的错误比可预测的噪音多轻柔且不可预测的噪音产生的错误比大声且可预测的噪音略多说明不可预测的噪音更易使人疲劳且疲劳需一段时间才影响表现。第四段是控制感对噪音影响的消除。可预测性不是减少或消除噪音负面影响的唯一变量控制感也是一个因素。如果个体知道自己能控制噪音即使从未实际关掉噪音也能消除噪音当时和后续的负面影响仅知道有控制权就足够。第五段是长期噪音的严重持久影响。之前研究多是让人们短时间暴露在噪音中并研究短暂影响而对嘈杂环境的主要担忧是长期噪音的严重持久影响。一项研究比较了洛杉矶繁忙机场附近学校和安静社区学校的小学生发现来自嘈杂学校的孩子血压更高、更易分心且未表现出对噪音的适应性在嘈杂学校就读时间越长越易分心后续研究表明搬到噪音小教室的孩子一年后仍比一直在安静学校的学生更易分心且两组孩子在多方面已做匹配。文章整体结构如下长期噪音的严重持久影响之前研究多是短时间暴露在噪音中研究短暂影响 对嘈杂环境主要担忧是长期噪音的严重持久影响一项研究比较洛杉矶繁忙机场附近学校和安静社区学校的小学生 发现来自嘈杂学校的孩子血压更高, 更易分心 且未表现出对噪音的适应性 在嘈杂学校就读时间越长越易分心后续研究表明搬到噪音小教室的孩子一年后仍比一直在安静学校的学生更易分心 且两组孩子在多方面已做匹配控制感对噪音影响的消除可预测性不是减少或消除噪音负面影响的唯一变量 控制感也是因素如果个体知道自己能控制噪音 即使从未实际关掉噪音 也能消除噪音当时和后续的负面影响 仅知道有控制权就足够噪音可预测性的影响噪音研究最重要发现是可预测性比响度更重要 人们更能 忽略 长期背景噪音 难以应对意外噪音干扰Glass和Singer的研究中 实验对象在噪音阶段表现无差异 但在无噪音校对书面材料时 不可预测的噪音产生的错误比可预测的噪音多 轻柔且不可预测的噪音产生的错误比大声且可预测的噪音略多不可预测的噪音更易使人疲劳 且疲劳需一段时间才影响表现噪音对多任务的干扰适应噪音有限度 当专注多项任务时 高声噪音带来更多麻烦高强度噪音干扰同时监控三个仪表盘的实验对象表现 类似飞机飞行员或空中交通管制员工作情况噪音不影响用方向盘追踪移动线条能力 但干扰追踪时复述数字的能力人类对噪音的适应能力人们通常认为偏好宁静 但很多人在山区或乡村因 太安静 调整睡眠 表明能适应广泛噪音水平Glass和Singer的实验 让人们暴露在短时间巨大噪音中 约四分钟后实验对象在任务中的表现和生理唤醒水平与未暴露在噪音中的对照组相同3 重难点词汇总结plausible根据剑桥词典 plausible 这个单词出现在 第一段意为 貌似真实或可信的 / 花言巧语的plausible 含义disruptive根据剑桥词典 disruptive 这个单词出现在 第一段意为 引起混乱的 / 改变行业传统运作方式的disruptive 含义steering wheel根据剑桥词典 steering wheel 这个单词出现在 第二段意为 引起混乱的 / 改变行业传统运作方式的steering wheel 含义predictability根据剑桥词典 predictability 这个单词出现在 第三段意为 可预见性predictability 含义portion根据剑桥词典 portion 这个单词出现在 第三段意为 一部分 / 食物的一份portion 含义toll根据剑桥词典 toll 这个单词出现在 第四段意为 道路、桥梁等的通行费 / 长途电话费 / 伤亡 / 使缓慢而反复地鸣响 当作为 to take its/their toll (on sth/sb) 时意为 伤害 / 毁坏 …toll 含义1toll 含义2toll 含义3to take its/their toll (on sth/sb) 含义fatigue根据剑桥词典 fatigue 这个单词出现在 第四段意为 疲惫 / 金属部件的疲劳 / 使极度疲劳 当作为 fatigues 时意为 迷彩服 / 杂役fatigue 含义1fatigue 含义2fatigues 含义aftereffect根据剑桥词典 aftereffect 这个单词出现在 第五段意为aftereffect 含义transient根据剑桥词典 transient 这个单词出现在 第六段意为transient 含义1transient 含义2
雅思练习总结（三十六）
雅思练习总结三十六本文章是雅思练习总结三十六总结了文章《EFFECTS OF NOISE》内容包括原文精翻文章脉络总结单词扩展学习3个部分1 文章原文及翻译EFFECTS OF NOISE翻译噪音的影响In general, it is plausible to suppose that we should prefer peace and quiet to noise. And yet most of us have had the experience of having to adjust to sleeping in the mountains or the countryside because it was initially ‘too quiet’, an experience that suggests that humans are capable of adapting to a wide range of noise levels. Research supports this view. For example, Glass and Singer (1972) exposed people to short bursts of very loud noise and then measured their ability to work out problems and their physiological reactions to the noise. The noise was quite disruptive at first, but after about four minutes the subjects were doing just as well on their tasks as control subjects who were not exposed to noise. Their physiological arousal also declined quickly to the same levels as those of the control subjects.翻译一般来说我们认为自己会更喜欢宁静而非噪音这种想法是合理的。然而我们大多数人都有过这样的经历不得不在山区或乡村调整自己的睡眠状态因为一开始那里 “太安静” 了。这一经历表明人类有能力适应广泛的噪音水平。研究也支持这一观点。例如格拉斯和辛格1972 年让人们暴露在短时间的巨大噪音中然后测量他们解决问题的能力以及对噪音的生理反应。起初噪音极具干扰性但大约四分钟后这些实验对象在任务中的表现与那些未暴露在噪音中的对照组实验对象一样好。他们的生理唤醒水平也迅速下降到与对照组相同的水平。But there are limits to adaptation and loud noise becomes more troublesome if the person is required to concentrate on more than one task. For example, high noise levels interfered with the performance of subjects who were required to monitor three dials at a time, a task not unlike that of an aeroplane pilot or an air-traffic controller (Broadbent, 1957). Similarly, noise did not affect a subject’s ability to track a moving line with a steering wheel, but it did interfere with the subject’s ability to repeat numbers while tracking (Finkelman and Glass, 1970).翻译但适应是有限度的如果要求一个人同时专注于多项任务那么高声噪音就会变得更加麻烦。例如高强度的噪音会干扰那些被要求同时监控三个仪表盘的实验对象的表现这项任务与飞机飞行员或空中交通管制员的工作并无太大差异布罗德本特1957 年。同样噪音并不影响实验对象用方向盘追踪移动线条的能力但却会干扰他们在追踪的同时复述数字的能力芬克尔曼和格拉斯1970 年。Probably the most significant finding from research on noise is that its predictability is more important than how loud it is. We are much more able to ‘tune out’ chronic background noise, even if it is quite loud, than to work under circumstances with unexpected intrusions of noise. In the Glass and Singer study, in which subjects were exposed to bursts of noise as they worked on a task, some subjects heard loud bursts and others heard soft bursts. For some subjects, the bursts were spaced exactly one minute apart (predictable noise); others heard the same amount of noise overall, but the bursts occurred at random intervals (unpredictable noise). Subjects reported finding the predictable and unpredictable noise equally annoying, and all subjects performed at about the same level during the noise portion of the experiment. But the different noise conditions had quite different after-effects when the subjects were required to proofread written material under conditions of no noise. As shown in Table 1 the unpredictable noise produced more errors in the later proofreading task than predictable noise; and soft, unpredictable noise actually produced slightly more errors on this task than the loud, predictable noise.翻译也许关于噪音的研究中最重要的发现是噪音的可预测性比它的响度更为重要。与在意外噪音干扰的环境中工作相比我们更能够 “忽略” 长期存在的背景噪音即使这种噪音相当大。在格拉斯和辛格的研究中实验对象在执行任务时会暴露在阵阵噪音中一些实验对象听到的是大声的噪音而另一些听到的是轻柔的噪音。对于一些实验对象来说噪音的间隔精确到每分钟一次可预测的噪音而其他实验对象听到的噪音总量相同但噪音出现的间隔是随机的不可预测的噪音。实验对象报告称他们觉得可预测和不可预测的噪音同样令人烦恼并且在实验的噪音阶段所有实验对象的表现水平大致相同。但是当要求实验对象在无噪音的条件下校对书面材料时不同的噪音条件产生了截然不同的后续影响。如表 1 所示不可预测的噪音在后续的校对任务中产生的错误比可预测的噪音更多而且轻柔的、不可预测的噪音在这项任务中产生的错误实际上比大声的、可预测的噪音略多一些。Unpredictable NoisePredictable NoiseAverageLoud noise40.131.835.9Soft noise36.727.432.1Average38.429.6Table 1: Proofreading Errors and Noise翻译不可预测的噪音可预测的噪音平均值大声的噪音40.131.835.9轻柔的噪音36.727.432.1平均值38.429.6表 1校对错误与噪音Apparently, unpredictable noise produces more fatigue than predictable noise, but it takes a while for this fatigue to take its toll on performance.翻译显然不可预测的噪音比可预测的噪音更容易使人疲劳但这种疲劳需要一段时间才会对表现产生影响。Predictability is not the only variable that reduces or eliminates the negative effects of noise. Another is control. If the individual knows that he or she can control the noise, this seems to eliminate both its negative effects at the time and its after-effects. This is true even if the individual never actually exercises his or her option to turn the noise off (Glass and Singer, 1972). Just the knowledge that one has control is sufficient.翻译可预测性并非是减少或消除噪音负面影响的唯一因素。另一个因素是控制感。如果一个人知道自己能够控制噪音那么这似乎既能消除噪音当时的负面影响也能消除其后续影响。即使这个人实际上从未行使过关掉噪音的选择权格拉斯和辛格1972 年情况也是如此。仅仅知道自己有控制权就足够了。The studies discussed so far exposed people to noise for only short periods and only transient effects were studied. But the major worry about noisy environments is that living day after day with chronic noise may produce serious, lasting effects. One study, suggesting that this worry is a realistic one, compared elementary school pupils who attended schools near Los Angeles’s busiest airport with students who attended schools in quiet neighbourhoods (Cohen et al., 1980). It was found that children from the noisy schools had higher blood pressure and were more easily distracted than those who attended the quiet schools. Moreover, there was no evidence of adaptability to the noise. In fact, the longer the children had attended the noisy schools, the more distractible they became. The effects also seem to be long lasting. A follow-up study showed that children who were moved to less noisy classrooms still showed greater distractibility one year later than students who had always been in the quiet schools (Cohen et al, 1981). It should be noted that the two groups of children had been carefully matched by the investigators so that they were comparable in age, ethnicity, race, and social class.翻译到目前为止所讨论的研究只是让人们短时间暴露在噪音中并且只研究了短暂的影响。但是对于嘈杂环境的主要担忧是日复一日地生活在长期的噪音中可能会产生严重的、持久的影响。有一项研究表明这种担忧是现实存在的该研究将就读于洛杉矶最繁忙机场附近学校的小学生与就读于安静社区学校的学生进行了比较科恩等人1980 年。研究发现来自嘈杂学校的孩子血压更高并且比那些就读于安静学校的孩子更容易分心。此外没有证据表明他们能适应这种噪音。事实上孩子们在嘈杂学校就读的时间越长他们就越容易分心。这些影响似乎也是长期存在的。一项后续研究表明一年后那些搬到噪音较小教室的孩子仍然比那些一直就读于安静学校的学生更容易分心科恩等人1981 年。值得注意的是研究人员对两组孩子进行了仔细的匹配以使他们在年龄、民族、种族和社会阶层方面具有可比性。2 文章结构分析这篇文章的内容总结如下第一段是人类对噪音的适应能力。通常人们认为会偏好宁静而非噪音但很多人有在山区或乡村因起初 “太安静” 而调整睡眠的经历这表明人类能适应广泛噪音水平。研究也支持此观点如 Glass 和 Singer 的实验让人们暴露在短时间巨大噪音中约四分钟后实验对象在任务中的表现和生理唤醒水平与未暴露在噪音中的对照组相同。第二段是噪音对多任务的干扰。适应噪音是有限度的当人需要专注多项任务时高声噪音会带来更多麻烦。例如高强度噪音会干扰同时监控三个仪表盘的实验对象的表现类似飞机飞行员或空中交通管制员的工作情况噪音不影响用方向盘追踪移动线条的能力但会干扰在追踪时复述数字的能力。第三段和表格部分是噪音可预测性的影响。关于噪音研究最重要的发现是其可预测性比响度更重要人们更能 “忽略” 长期背景噪音而难以应对意外噪音干扰。在 Glass 和 Singer 的研究中实验对象在噪音阶段表现无差异但在无噪音校对书面材料时不可预测的噪音产生的错误比可预测的噪音多轻柔且不可预测的噪音产生的错误比大声且可预测的噪音略多说明不可预测的噪音更易使人疲劳且疲劳需一段时间才影响表现。第四段是控制感对噪音影响的消除。可预测性不是减少或消除噪音负面影响的唯一变量控制感也是一个因素。如果个体知道自己能控制噪音即使从未实际关掉噪音也能消除噪音当时和后续的负面影响仅知道有控制权就足够。第五段是长期噪音的严重持久影响。之前研究多是让人们短时间暴露在噪音中并研究短暂影响而对嘈杂环境的主要担忧是长期噪音的严重持久影响。一项研究比较了洛杉矶繁忙机场附近学校和安静社区学校的小学生发现来自嘈杂学校的孩子血压更高、更易分心且未表现出对噪音的适应性在嘈杂学校就读时间越长越易分心后续研究表明搬到噪音小教室的孩子一年后仍比一直在安静学校的学生更易分心且两组孩子在多方面已做匹配。文章整体结构如下长期噪音的严重持久影响之前研究多是短时间暴露在噪音中研究短暂影响 对嘈杂环境主要担忧是长期噪音的严重持久影响一项研究比较洛杉矶繁忙机场附近学校和安静社区学校的小学生 发现来自嘈杂学校的孩子血压更高, 更易分心 且未表现出对噪音的适应性 在嘈杂学校就读时间越长越易分心后续研究表明搬到噪音小教室的孩子一年后仍比一直在安静学校的学生更易分心 且两组孩子在多方面已做匹配控制感对噪音影响的消除可预测性不是减少或消除噪音负面影响的唯一变量 控制感也是因素如果个体知道自己能控制噪音 即使从未实际关掉噪音 也能消除噪音当时和后续的负面影响 仅知道有控制权就足够噪音可预测性的影响噪音研究最重要发现是可预测性比响度更重要 人们更能 忽略 长期背景噪音 难以应对意外噪音干扰Glass和Singer的研究中 实验对象在噪音阶段表现无差异 但在无噪音校对书面材料时 不可预测的噪音产生的错误比可预测的噪音多 轻柔且不可预测的噪音产生的错误比大声且可预测的噪音略多不可预测的噪音更易使人疲劳 且疲劳需一段时间才影响表现噪音对多任务的干扰适应噪音有限度 当专注多项任务时 高声噪音带来更多麻烦高强度噪音干扰同时监控三个仪表盘的实验对象表现 类似飞机飞行员或空中交通管制员工作情况噪音不影响用方向盘追踪移动线条能力 但干扰追踪时复述数字的能力人类对噪音的适应能力人们通常认为偏好宁静 但很多人在山区或乡村因 太安静 调整睡眠 表明能适应广泛噪音水平Glass和Singer的实验 让人们暴露在短时间巨大噪音中 约四分钟后实验对象在任务中的表现和生理唤醒水平与未暴露在噪音中的对照组相同3 重难点词汇总结plausible根据剑桥词典 plausible 这个单词出现在 第一段意为 貌似真实或可信的 / 花言巧语的plausible 含义disruptive根据剑桥词典 disruptive 这个单词出现在 第一段意为 引起混乱的 / 改变行业传统运作方式的disruptive 含义steering wheel根据剑桥词典 steering wheel 这个单词出现在 第二段意为 引起混乱的 / 改变行业传统运作方式的steering wheel 含义predictability根据剑桥词典 predictability 这个单词出现在 第三段意为 可预见性predictability 含义portion根据剑桥词典 portion 这个单词出现在 第三段意为 一部分 / 食物的一份portion 含义toll根据剑桥词典 toll 这个单词出现在 第四段意为 道路、桥梁等的通行费 / 长途电话费 / 伤亡 / 使缓慢而反复地鸣响 当作为 to take its/their toll (on sth/sb) 时意为 伤害 / 毁坏 …toll 含义1toll 含义2toll 含义3to take its/their toll (on sth/sb) 含义fatigue根据剑桥词典 fatigue 这个单词出现在 第四段意为 疲惫 / 金属部件的疲劳 / 使极度疲劳 当作为 fatigues 时意为 迷彩服 / 杂役fatigue 含义1fatigue 含义2fatigues 含义aftereffect根据剑桥词典 aftereffect 这个单词出现在 第五段意为aftereffect 含义transient根据剑桥词典 transient 这个单词出现在 第六段意为transient 含义1transient 含义2
